Old Bulgar words preserved in the modern Bulgarian language: R - S - T

R.
 

Modern Bulgarian	Eastern analogies		Cluster_user's ottoman parallels
RABOSH – tally. The RABOSHes were a traditional method to keep business accounts.	From RAB (‘a cutting’) [LRS, 189]   RWOSH (‘a tangle, interlacing’) [TRS, 189]	Lezgin
		Talish
RAVAN – a ride at easy pace, amble	RAWAN (‘a walk’) [DE, 219; etc.]	Jazguljami	turk. revan (litt. ) < pers. reva:n
RAZAKIJA – a sort of grapes. In the song "Vino pija – vino-razakija". ("I drink wine, a wine-RAZAKIJA.")	RAZ (‘grapes’, noun), RAZAKI (‘grape’, adj.) [TRS, 189]	Talish	turk. razakI, razIqi^ < `ar. ra:zIqiyya(t) pers. razaqi^
RAKA – Holy relics, saints; bones	RAKA (‘bones’) in Avar [SH, 35]   RAG (‘flesh, tendon’) [DE, 219]	Eastern Caucasian
		Jazguljami
RAKLA – a chest; a closet	Probably from RAK (‘a door’) [LRS, 271]	Lezgin	turk. rahle "a low desk" < `ar. raHla(t)
RAPAN – a sea snail, periwinkle	The only analogy is the Talish ROPAN (‘snails’) [TRS, 193]	Talish
RACHA – to accept, to agree	RAZH (‘a consent’) [DE, 227; GASK, 336]	Jazguljami, Wakhi
RACHEL – a treacle (golden syrup)	RACHIN (‘pleasant, tasty’) [TRS, 188]	Talish	turk. rec,el < pers. ric,a:r (a non literary loan)
REZE – a latch, a bolt	REZE (‘a latch’) [TRS, 189]	Talish	turk. reze (hinge, thumb lock) < pers. reze < `ar. razza(t)
RENDE – a plane (tool)	A common Eastern Caucasian word from RAND (‘to plane’). The Talish language shows the greatest variety of meanings for this word.	Eastern Caucasian	turk. rende ("plane") < persian rende < pehlevi *rendeg ( `ar. rendec)
		Talish
RESNA – a fringe; a tassel	RESSE (‘a row’) [TRS, 189]	Talish	turk. resen "cord, rope, halter" (litt.) < `ar. rasan
RIGAN – marjoram, basilica	Identical to the Pamirian REJKHAN [GASK, 443]	Wakhi	turk. reyhan < `ar. reyHa:n
RID – a hill, an elevation	RID (‘a part of something, a branching’) [TRS, 189]	Talish
RITAM – to kick	RT (‘to fight’) [GASK, 223]	Wakhi
ROKAM – to count, to calculate	RGM (‘a digit’) [TRS, 189]	Talish	turk. rakam (numeral) < `ar. raqam
ROKAN - abacus	A derivative from ROKAM, see above.
RUCHAM – to eat	From RUCH (‘a morning’) [AGK, 161]   In the Bulgarian folk tradition the RUCHOK was a morning meal.	Dardic
RUCHOK	See RUCHAM.
RSJA – to sprinkle,	From the stem RS (‘to sprinkle above’) [IJa, 231]	Ishkashimi
RT – a hill, a ridge	Similar to the Talish RID, see above.  Also to the Pamirian RT (‘a high place’).	Talish
		Pamirian
RTJA	Compare to the Pamirian RTT (‘to grow, to germinate’) [DE, 224]	Jazguljami
RFAM – to worry, to tear at	The Slavic RVAT’ (‘to tear’) does not explain the special sound F. Closer to RFAM is the Pamirian RFG (‘a caustic, biting man’)	Pamirian

 
 
S.
 

Modern Bulgarian	Eastern analogies		Cluster_user's ottoman parallels
SABJA – a sword, a sabre	SHAB (‘a dagger’) [ARS, 336]	Pashto
SAKAM – to want	SHKAW (‘to seek’) [SRS, 210]	Sarikoli
SAL, SADE – a variants of SAMO (‘only; solely’)	SAL (‘only’) [SRS, 151]   SADE, SAL (‘only’) [SH, 113]	Sarikoli	turk. salt (only)  turk. sade < perisan sa^de
		Eastern Caucasian
SAMO – only, solely	SAM (‘a little bit, partially’), SAM (‘a part’) [DE, 231]	Jazguljami
SVILA – silk (noun)	Probably from SWIL (‘to shine’) [ARS, MGA]	Pashto
SVIRJA – to play (music)	Similar to the Slavic SVISTET’ (‘to whistle’) but not quite.  SHPILAK (‘a whistle’) [RPDS, 629]  STVINI, STVIRI (‘whistling’) in Georgian
		Pamirian
SVIRKA – a whistle	A derivative from SVIRJA, see above.  SHUVIR (‘a bagpipe’) in Mari [RMS, 79]	Pamirian
SGUR – cinder	SKORG (‘charcoals’) [GASK, 467]	Wakhi
SEGA – now, at present	SEK (‘now’) in Kati [AGK, 153]	Dardic
SECVAM SE – to bend down (in the back)	SECA (‘to break, to cut’) [ChRS]	Chechen
SINIGER – titmouse	CHINURGO (‘titmouse’) [AG, 286]	Mundzhani
SINOR – (field) boundary, boundary strip	SINOR (‘narrow’) [GASK, 459]	Wakhi	turk. sInIr
SIRISHTE – a rennet	SIRESH (‘a viscid fluid’) [IJa, 235; etc.]   From this stem are probably the Bulgarian words SIRISHTE, SSIRVAM (‘to curdle, to clot’), SSIREK (‘a clot’)  Compare also to the Wakhi and Tadzhik SIRKA (‘vinegar, yeast’) [GASK, 449]	Ishkashimi
SIROMAKH – a poor man	CIRI (‘ragged, tattered’) [ARS, MGA]   CIRIMAK (‘lamentable, deplorable’) [DIE, 291]	Pashto
		Dardic
SIRJAV – dirty. In the expression "Sirjava vlna". ("SIRJAVA wool.")	SURAW (‘dirty’) [AGK, 193]   Compare also to the Eastern Caucasian CURO (‘dirty, muddy’).	Dardic
		Eastern Caucasian
SKAT – a slope (also of a roof); a roof (dial.)	SKAD (‘a roof’) [DE, 244]	Jazguljami
SKUT – a lap	SKUD (‘a shelter’) [IJa, 238]	Ishkashimi
SLANA – a frost	From SRANA (‘a frost’) [TRS, 318] with a transition of "r" to "l".	Talish
SMOK – a grass-snake	SHKHJM (‘a grass-snake’) [RAS, 523]	Eastern Caucasian
SOKAJ – bride’s veil	Compare to the Eastern Caucasian SUCHKAJ (‘a coil, a winding’) [SH, 95]	Eastern Caucasian
STOMANA – steel (noun)	Compare to the Eastern Caucasian STOMA (‘thick, strong’)  STOMANA (‘hardened, tempered’) [ARS, MGA]	Eastern Caucasian
		Pashto
STOMNA – a pitcher, an earthen jug	STOMA (‘round, paunchy, big-bellied’) [ChRS, 381]	Chechen
STOPANIN – an owner, a proprietor	Probably from the Sanskrit STU-PANA.  Compare also the Caucasian STU (‘property’) [ChRS] and the Dravidian STAVANA (‘a farm’)
		Chechen
STUD – a cold	From the Pamirian STUD [IJa, DE], SITU [SRS, 307] – a cold.	Ishkashimi, Sarikoli
STRGA – a survey, a visit to the home of a prospective bride (in Dobrudzha, in the district of Shumen)	STRGA (‘an eye’) in Pashto [ARS, MGA]   Therefore the Bulgarian STRGA meant ‘a view, an inspection’.	Pashto
STRGALO – a promenade in the centre of a town	From STRGA, see above.
SUKMAN – low-cut sleeveless dress, a tunic	Similar to the Dargin (Eastern Caucasus) SUKBAN [SH, 94] and the Pamirian CHAKMAN.	Eastern Caucasian	attributed to old bulgarian, also mentioned is Cokman - a dressing gown (Pamirian) < turkic soqman (see doerfer pers. su:qma:n < turkic) both soqman, suqman (suq= to thrust - clauson's reconstruction, osman soq=) and c,ekmen (c,ek= to pull) are turkic. northwest turkic would use u. it seems to have entered in this form into various slavic languages, hungarian and romanian in this form. sokman a high boot (overshoe) in osman, while cepken (< c,ekmen) is used for a type of jacket. doerfer considers sakman, sa~kman to be russian loanword in chuvash, arguing from c,ekmen. I don't know how it is from soqman. doerfer seems to attribute it to the later period (but pre-ottoman) of turkic loanwords in bulgarian
		Pamirian
SURVA – in the expression "SURVA, SURVA GODINA!" ("Happy New Year!")	The meaning of this expression is clear from one already dissappeared old Bulgar term – SURF, which meant "holy, blessed".  Compare to the Pamirian SURKH (‘fair’) and the Armenian SURB (‘sacred’)	Pamirian
SUROVATKA – whey	The connection to the Slavic SUROV (‘raw’, adj.) is doubtful.  The Eastern Caucasian CURU (‘whey’), CURUVAL (‘sour’), also CURU NEK (‘yoghurt’) [LRS, 359], offer a better explanation.
		Lezgin
SUCHA – to suck	SUK (‘to be thirsty’) [IJa, 248]	Ishkashimi
SUKALCHE – a suckling	Derived from SUCHA, see above.
SJANKA – a shade; a shadow	A common Pamirian word. The closest analogy is SANGA [AG, 356]	Mundzhani

 
 
T.
 

Modern Bulgarian	Eastern analogies		Cluster_user's ottoman parallels
TAZI – this (fem.)	TAS (‘this’, fem.) [DIE, 249]	Dardic
TAKA – thus, so	TAKYA (‘thus’) [DE, 263]	Jazguljami
TALPA – a plank	TALB (‘a plank’) [DE, 261]	Jazguljami
TANTUREST – pudge, podgy	TANDU (‘fat’, adj.) [ARS]   TANDRST (‘fat’, adj.) [DE, 262]	Pashto
		Jazguljami
TARM – in the expression "Dva vakli ovcherja ss tarm kalpaci". ("Two dark-haired shepherds with TARM fur caps".)	TARAM (‘stretched, upright, beautiful’), TARAM SHEJ (‘a beautiful thing’), TARAMVAL (‘a beautiful posture’) [LRS, 332]   The Bulgarian TARM KALPACI meant ‘upright caps’.	Lezgin
TACHA – to respect, to esteem	TACHA (‘a crown’) in Tadzhik [SRS, 175]	Sarikoli
TEGARCHUK – in the folk story "The bear and the TEGARCHUK". Unclear word.	Compare to the Pamirian TEGAR (‘a beam, a joist’) [DE, 260] The story does evolve around a tree.	Jazguljami
TIGAN – a frying pan	TIGKHNA (‘a frying pan’) [ARS, 151]	Pashto
TICHAM – to run	TIDZH (‘to walk, to depart’) [SRS, 180]	Sarikoli
TLAKA – a working-bee	TLEL (‘to visit s.o.’) [RPDS, 265, 726]	Pamirian
TOKU – just; at once, suddenly	TOQ (‘at once’) [SRS, 176]	Sarikoli
TOPKA – a ball	TOP (‘a ball’) [GASK, 481]	Wakhi	turk. top
TOR – a manure, a dung	TJR (‘manure’) [TRS, 215]   TERJS (‘manure’) in Mari [RMS, 338]	Talish
TOJAGA – a stick, a staff	A common Pamirian word. Compare to TIJAK, TIJOK (‘a stick’) [IJa, 210]	Ishkashimi	bulghar < turkic. old turkic taya:q (litterally "prop, support")  "staff, (walking) stick" old turkish dayak, modern meaning "beating"
TRAKHANA	Compare to the Pamirian TROXP (‘yoghurt’) [IJa, 241]	Ishkashimi	turk. tarhana (dried curds and flour, soup from it) < pers. terx(w)a:ne
TRINA – fresh hay	TRINGA (‘fresh’) [AG, 369]	Mundzhani
TRGVAM – to start, to set off	TRL, TLEL (‘to go, to walk’) [RPDS, 265]	Pamirian
TURJAM – to put, to place	TURE (‘upper’, 'put above’) [DIE, 274-275]	Dardic
TRSJA – to look for, to seek	TARSH (‘a dog-seeker’) [ChRS, 394]	Chechen
TRTJA – to dart off	TJRT (‘a ford’) [GASK, 482]	Wakhi

 
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