Old Bulgar words preserved in the modern Bulgarian language: C - CH - SH

C.
 

Modern Bulgarian	Eastern analogies		Cluster_user's ottoman parallels
CANJA – to hire	CKHANA (‘to work together’) [ChRS, 482]	Chechen
CAP – a stick for threshing wheat	CPAR [GASK, 326]	Wakhi
CEPJA – to split; to cleave	TCIPI (‘to split, to cut’) [GASK]   CEW (‘to split’) [SRS, 34]	Wakhi, Sarikoli
CER – (cerris) oak	CERJ (‘oak-tree’) [RPDS, 205]	Pamirian
CERJA – to heal	From CJAR, see below.
CIBA! – "shoo! off!", an address to dogs (also CHIBA!)	Identical to the Pamirian CHIB, CHIKH [GASK, 327]	Wakhi
CIGULKA – a violin	Compare to the Pashto and the Eastern Caucasian names of stringed instruments CHUNGUR, CHUNGULI. Also to the Ossetian CIGU-MIGU (‘playing music’).	Pashto
		Eastern Caucasian
CINCARI – Macedonian Aromanians, semi-nomadic shepherds.	CINZHIJ (‘a sheep’) [ChRS, 486]   Thus CINCARI meant literally ‘shepherds’.	Chechen
COCLA – a fat woman	CHOCH (‘fat, obese’) [ChRS, 504]	Chechen
CUJKA – brandy (dial.)	CHJ (‘spirits’) [SH]	Eastern Caucasian
CUKALO – a night-pot	CUGA (‘a pot’) [ARS, GASK, 361]	Pashto, Wakhi
CUKNI SI! – Have a drink! (dial.)	SUK (‘to drink, to suck’) – Pamirian	Pamirian
CRVULI – leather sandals	CJRMJN (‘leather’, adj.) [ARS, AG, 397]	Pashto, Mundzhani
CJAR – a cure	CAR (‘a cure’) – Pamirian  CHARA (‘a cure’) – Eastern Caucasian	Pamirian	turk. c,a^re < pers. c,a:re
		Eastern Caucasian

 
 
CH.
 

Modern Bulgarian	Eastern analogies		Cluster_user's ottoman parallels
CHAVKA – (jack)daw	CHAF – Pamirian [DE, 137]   CHAG – Eastern Caucasian	Jazguljami
		Eastern Caucasian
CHAMAV – ill (in Dobrudzha, in the district of Shumen)	CHAMGA (‘an illness’) [ChRS]   CHAM (‘a confusion, a diversion’) [LRS, 365]	Chechen,  Lezgin
CHANA – aunt, grandmother; a respected elderly woman (in the district of Stara Zagora).	CHONA (‘an elderly, respected woman’) [ARS]	Pashto
CHANTA – a bag	CHAMTA (‘a suitcase’) [ChRS]   CHANTA (‘a leather bag’) [LRS, 366-367]   CHAMTA (‘a leather bag’) [TRS, 244]   Close also to the Persian CHAMDAN (‘a suitcase’), from which is the Russian CHEMODAN (‘a suitcase’)	Chechen, Lezgin	turk. c,anta < pers.
		Talish
CHAPA – a small hoe	CHAP (‘a harrow’) – Talish  CHAG (‘a cutting tool’) [DE, 137]	Talish	turk. c,apa "hoe" also "anchor" < It. zappa "hoe, later palm of an anchor"  (tietze)
		Jazguljami
CHARDA – a heard of cattle	CHARDA (‘to lead to pasture, to pasture’) [TRS, 244]	Talish
CHEVERME – a barbecue	CHWERK (‘a general name for the lambs and the kids’) [GASK, 325]	Wakhi	turk. c,evirme ("to turn",thus whole meat on the spit, as opposed to do"ner, similar but refering to packed meat)
CHEMBAS – a plait of boy’s hair which was left to grow (in the district of Perushtica, etc.)	CHEMBO (the same) – Pamirian  CAMBE (‘a plait, a sheaf’) [TRS, 243]	Pamirian
		Talish
CHEMBER – beams, joists	CHAMBAR (‘a beam’) [RPDS, 482]	Pamirian	turk. c,ember (hoop, metalstrip around something) < pers. c,ember  (see below)
CHEMERIKA – (white/false) hellebore	CHEMERUK (‘ a general name of plants resembling onion’) [LRS, 378]	Lezgin
CHEPKA – a bunch, a cluster	CHEPK (‘grapes’) – Pamirian  CIPICI (‘a bunch’) – Eastern Caucasian [EB, 35]	Pamirian
CHERVO – an intestine, a gut	CHERW (‘an abdominal cavity’) [GASK, 313]	Wakhi	? chuvash s'u"rme (sausage filled with chopped intestines) qypchaq co"rme  ka$gari yo"rgemec, (yo"r=, "to wrap", yo"rge= "to wrap up") mong. cu"rme "stuffing" also in caucasus and in ossetian.
CHILIK (CHELIK) – cat (children game), tip-cat	The oldest analogy is the Sanscrit CHILIKKA [MA, 1980]. In the language Kati in the Hindu Kush the same game is called KILIK [AGK, 251]
		Dardic
CHIMSHIR – a box(-tree), a boxshrub	The only analogy is the Talish CHIMSHOR (the same) [TRS, 307]	Talish	turk. c,im$ir, $im$ir < pers. $im$a:d
CHINA – the wife of o.’s father’s brother, aunt (in Dobrudzha, in the district of Shumen)	SHINA (‘an aunt’) [IJa]	Ishkashimi
CHIP – lightly curved, snub(-nosed)	See CHIPAK.
CHIPAK – the upper part of a dress	CHPAK (‘a round form’) [GASK, 326]	Wakhi
CHITAV – healthy, unhurt, preserved	CHIT (‘to guard, to keep’), CHIDAM (‘preserved’) – Eastern Caucasian	Eastern Caucasian
CHISHKAM – to urinate	CHISH (‘urine’) [IJa, 191]	Ishkashimi	turk. c,i$ (< old oghuz) "urine" (informal)
CHOVKA – a bill; a beak	Identical to the Pashto CHOKA, CHONGA [ARS]   Also to the Eastern Caucasian ZOK	Pashto
		Eastern Caucasian
CHOVRKAM– to pick; to scratch	COF (‘to pick’) [SRS, 35]	Sarikoli
CHOMPE	Identical to the Ossetian CHOMPA (‘bent’, adj.) [VA, 1960]
CHOP – a lot	CHUB (‘a pin, a peg’) – Pamirian.  Thus CHOP was named after the common way of tossing – by drawing a pin.  Compare also to the Persian CHUBE (‘a stick’)	Pamirian	turk. c,o"p (anat. "small stick")  old turkic has c,Ip for stick, c,o":p for "dregs" (mod. turkish c,o"p "garbage")  persian has c,u:b, c,u:be "stick"
CHOPLJA – to pick (at), to poke	CHOP (‘a wound, a scratch’) [GASK]   Compare also to COF, see above.	Wakhi	turk. co"ple=  turk. co"p (dial. "small stick") + le (denominal verbal suffix)  also turk. copla=, older c,opla= ("to cudgle")  cop < c,op ("stick, cudgle") also pers, c,u:b  "copla=" is used frequently in the description of demonstartions etc.  as cop is now used as a policeman's cudgle.
CHORLAV – dishevelled	Compare to the Dravidian CHURUL (‘a curl, a ringlet’) [TAM, 468]
CHORCHUK – in the expression "Na CHORCHUK" ("in a croocked, twisted way")	Compare to the Eastern Caucasian CHJR, CHUK (‘curved, twisted’) [EB, 81]	Eastern Caucasian
CHUVAM – to rear, to breastfeed (dial.)	CUF (‘to suckle’) [AG, 264]	Mundzhani
CHUK – a hammer	CHOK, CHUKICH (‘a hammer’) [IJa]  CHUK (‘a hammer’) – Eastern Caucasian.	Ishkashimi	? turk. c,ekic, ; pers. c,eku:c, , c,eku:c , c,eku$ "based on turkish" acc. to steingass.  turk. NB c,ak= to strike, to pound in.
		Eastern Caucasian
CHUKA – a rocky peak	CUKA (‘a peak’) in Pashto [RPDS, 95]  CUK (‘raised, protruding’) [DE, 325]	Pamirian, Jazguljami
CHUKAM – to knock	A derivative from CHUK, see above.  CUK (‘to knock’) [GASK, 325]
		Wakhi
CHUKAN – the hub of a vine	CHUKVANI (‘a hub of a vine’), CIPICI (‘a bunch of grapes’) [EB, 64]	Eastern Caucasian
CHUKAR – a (rocky) peak	A variant of CHUKA, see above.
CHUMBER – an old-time Bulgarian folk headcloth	CHEMBER (‘a thin cloth for kerchiefs’) [ARS, MGA]	Pashto	turk. c,ember "hoop" < pers. c,ember (spelt c,enber) "hoop", kerchief  c,ember yemeni kerchief for tying round the head (in support of a  headdress), thus short c,ember"
CHUPJA – to break	SHOP (‘to break’) [GASK, 467, 469]	Wakhi
CHUKHAL – a type of awl	CHUKH (‘a type of awl’) [GASK, 362] + -AL, as in  BUKH – BUKHAL (‘awl’), KOK – KOKAL (‘bone’).	Wakhi
CHUCHNA – to sit down	CHUCHCHA (‘to gather together’) [ChRS]	Chechen
CHUCHUR – a spout	CHUKHCHAR (‘a jet, a waterfall’) [ChRS, 502; ARS, 175]	Chechen
		Pashto
CHUSH – a driving call for donkeys	CHUK, CHUSH – Pamirian	Pamirian	turk. c,u"$ to stop a donkey.
CHUSHKA – a pepper	CHUSHKA (‘a hollow tubule’) [ARS, MGA]	Pashto

 
 
SH.
 

Modern Bulgarian	Eastern analogies		Cluster_user's ottoman parallels
SHAR – a paint. SHARCHII (X c. AD) – a painter.	The oldest analogy is the Sumerian SAR (‘to draw’)  SHIR (‘a paint’), SHIRCHI (‘a dyer’) [LRS]		> tu"rku"t (?) sIr ("lacquer" - ka$gari) < middle chinese *ts`i@t (> ch`i) it is attributed to the tu"rku"t on the grounds of the phonetics of chinese. it appears that a middle chinese dialect in contact with tu"rku"t had -r < -t. there are some other examples in tu"rku"t to support this. in bulgarian it would be a bulghar word acquired from common turkic before the migration to the danube. uyghur sIrc,I (later "painter", with turkic suffix).  qazan tatar sIr "paint", chuvash sa~r (< tatar?) NB oghur palatization $ < s + palatal
		Lezgin
SHARKA – a drawing	A derivative from SHAR, see above.
SHARKA – measles, varicella	SHARAJ (‘varicella’) in Pashto [ARS, MGA]   SHARAJ (‘varicella’) in Mari, Chuvash	Pashto
SHARJA – to variegate, to dapple	A derivative from SHAR, see above.
SHAJAK – homespun, frieze	SHAJ in Mundzhani, SHOJ in Pashto.	Pashto
SHEVAR – a marsh plant	CHEBAR – a type of … (plant) [DE, 273]	Jazguljami
SHEPA – a hollow (of the hands), cupped hands	CHIB (‘a span’) [EB, 60]	Eastern Caucasian
SHETAM, SHTAM – to do the housework; to be active	SHTKA (‘to work’) [GASK, 506]	Wakhi
SHIBALKA – a lash	SHIB (‘a lash’) [TRS, 273]	Talish
SHIBAM – to lash, to slash	See SHIBALKA.
SHILE – (weaned) lamb	The oldest analogy is the Sumerian SILA (‘a lamb’)  SHILA (‘a young of an animal’) – Kabardin  CHILAJ (‘a kid’) – Pamirian		this is a genuine -r turkic word with the shift of l < l2 (common turkic $, and the characyteristic $ < s + palatization (and it seems s or c, (/ch/ < *t + palatal). anatolain turkish on the other hand has $i$ek with the same meaning. comm. turkic ti$ek "2 year old sheep"  - ka$gari, from ti$ tooth, ti$e= to get or loose teeth, (i.e. to loose milk teeth)  > comm. turkic $i$ek mong. $ilegu" < old mong. silegu"  (serb. s^il'ek, albanian shilek) (rona-tas, clauson) turk. $i$ek
		Eastern Caucasian
		Pamirian
SHINA – a wedge (dial.)	SHINO (‘a wedge’) [SRS, 161]	Sarikoli
SHINDRENA KSHTA – (SHINDRENA HOUSE). A special type of house with large trimmer joists (in the district of Teteven)	From the Pashto epithet SHIGDR (‘a tower’) [ARS, 350], indicating that this type of houses got its name after its high roof.	Pashto
SHIPKA – a thin lath	SHIPK (‘a flexible twig’) [GASK, 464]   SHIB (‘a lash’) [TRS, 273]	Wakhi
		Talish
SHIRA – a must, grapes’ juice	SIRA (‘grapes’ juice’) [IJa, 236]	Ishkashimi	turk. $Ira < pers. $i:re
SHMEKER – a cheat, a dodger	Compare to the Persian SHMAK (‘a demon’) [SIJa, 189]
SHOL – soft meat	SLK (‘soft’) [DE]   SHOL (‘meat’) in Mari [RMS, 550-590]	Jazguljami
SHOLJO – a younger brother (dial.)	SHULI (‘small’) [DIE, 274]	Dardic
SHOPAR – a hog, a boar	SHUPARA (‘fat’) [RAS, 504]	Eastern Caucasian
SHUBE – uneasiness	SHUBKHE (‘a doubt, a suspicion’) [TRS, 263]	Talish	turk. $u"phe ("doubt"), $u"bhe < `ar. $ubha
SHUGAV – mangy	SHUGA (‘mangy’) [ARS]	Pashto
SHUDRAV – pretty, big	SHIDUR (‘more beautiful’) [IJa, DE, 330]	Ishkashimi, Jazguljami
SHUMA – foliage, leaves	SHUMA (‘leaves’) [ARS, 348; SH, 35-70]	Pashto
		Eastern Caucasian
SHULE – ass’s foal	Compare to the Dardic SHULI, see above.	Dardic
SHUNDA – cut lips	SHUNDA (‘cut lips, hare-lip’) [ARS, 348]	Pashto
SHUT – hummel. hornless	SHUT (‘hornless’) [ARS, 1970]	Pashto

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