From: cluster.user@yale.edu (Cluster User)
Subject: Re: The Bulgars are Bulgars (Re: Caucasoid Turks/Bulgars)
Date: 18 Feb 1999 00:00:00 GMT
Message-ID: <36cca75c.15555467@news.yale.edu>
References: <36ca073a.16343620@news.yale.edu> <36cca3ed.14676934@news.yale.edu>
Organization: Yale University
Newsgroups: sci.lang

>AMI - but, and,    AME, ME (‘this, such’) [IJa,    Ishkashimi,
> why, well         AG, 332]                        Mundzhani
>                        


turk. ama "but" < `ar. 'amma: (particle for contrast)


>ANTERIJA - a      ANDbRbJKA (‘a                    Ishkashimi,
> padded jacket                                     Jazguljami
>                   short garment for men’) [IJa,
>                   180; DE, 84-85] from the
>                   Pamirian stem ANDAR (‘inner,
>                   under’)

turk. entari, < also `anteri^, < `ar. `antariyya(t) < sans. antariya
                   `anteriyya(t) is folk etymology from
                   `antar an arab romance hero.

pamiri word is probably native.


>BAFTA (PAFTA) -    BAFTA (‘a decoration,          Lezgin
> a decoration on    aiglets’) [LRS, 60]
> the women’s
> belts, a belt
> buckle

turk. pafta (metal decoration on a horse or other) < pers. ba:fte

>BORA - the name    BURA (‘a mischief’), BORI      Pashto
> of one             [ARS, 79]
> unpleasant wind
> in the Stara
> planina
> mountains.

cl. greek boreas, > venet. bora, turk. bora
see also sinor Denis Sinor Studia Orientalia 47, 1977 as well as
a. tietze "the lingua franca in the levant ..."


>BULGUR - groats,   BALGUR (‘groats, croup’)       Pamirian
> grits              [RPDS, 311]


turk. bulgur < pers. bulg~ur

>BUNAK - a booby,   BUNAR (‘a blind man’) [ARS,    Pashto
> a noodle           76]

turk. bunak (senile), older bu*ng*aq

>BbBREK - a          BbVRA (‘a kidney’) [SH,        Eastern
> kidney             41]                            Caucasian

turk. bo"brek, older bo"g~rek (turkic)

>BbRDUCHE            BARDAK (‘a small container     Talish
> -a small           for water’) [TRS, 24]
> container for
> water

turk. bardak (probably turkic, < bart)



>GAJDA - a bagpipe      Compare to the Sanskrit GAI (‘to sing’) from
>                       which is the Pamirian GAJDA (‘a song, a
>                       harmony’)


turk. gayda < spanish gaita < germanic ?

>GAF - a blunder,       GAF (‘a confusion, a          Pashto
>a break                jumble’) [ARS]

 french gaffe > turk. gaf 



> GERDEL - a type    Compare to GERDE above.
> of a large
> container,
> vessel (in the
> district of
> Sliven)

turk. gerdel (bucket) < greek kardari (bowl), lat. caldaria (cauldron)
                      > mod. greek gerdeli (bucket)
                      > `ar. gardal (egypt), cardal
                      
 tietze

>GERDAN              a necklace

turk. gerdanlIk =gerdan + lIk, gerdan (front part of the neck) 
                              < persian gerda:n



>DAMA - draughts     Compare to the Persian and     Eastern
> (a game)           Eastern Caucasian TAMA, and    Caucasian
>                    the Talish DAMKA [TRS, 319]
>                                                   Talish

turk. dama < it. dame, french damme

>DENK - a bundle,    Compare to the Pamirian        Pashto
> a pack             DbJNG (‘large, thick’)
>                    [ARS, 262]

turk. denk (anat. a pack on the side of an aniimal) 
< pers. deng (a pack) < turkic te*ng*, *de*ng* (even, in equilibrium)
< ? old chinese (this rejected by clauson)

$. sami (lists the meaning "equilibrium" as metaphorical)
the neoligism in turk. is based on the old turkic usage.



>DZHANTA - a        Compare to the Pashto DZHANTA  Pashto
> wheel rim          [ARS, MGA]. Also to the
>                    Dardic DZHANAL (‘a frame, a
>                    supporter’)                    Dardic

turk. jant (dial. cant) < french jante

>DZHEZVE - a        The oldest analogy is the      Eastern
> coffee-pot         Abazin word DZHbJZVGA        Caucasian
>                    (‘a mug, a cup’) [RAS, 204]


turk. cevze, in ottoman sometimes spelled ce*dh*ve, < `ar. ca*dhwa(t)
                                                             "ember"


>KAVAL - wooden       KAVAL (‘a hook, a pipe, a    Eastern
> flute                sleeve’) [SH, 95]            Caucasian

turk. kaval

> KAZAK - sledge       KAZAK (‘bent’) [DE, 126]     Jazguljami
> (dial.) (in the
> districts of Stara
> Zagora, Nova
> Zagora)

turk. kIzak


>KATANA - a big,      KATA (‘big, massive’) [IJa,  Ishkashimi
> stout man            209]                        Mundzhani

turk. kadana (artillary horse) < hung. katona (a soldier) ?
      ott. spelling q(a)T(a)na, T may be read either t ot d
      slang: a big stout woman (probably confused with kadIn -woman)

>KENAR - a            KENAR (‘an end’) [SIJa,
> decoration at the    1980]
> end of clothes


turk. kenar (edge) < pers. kena:r

>KEPCHE -              KEPCH (‘ a big spoon’) [DE,  Jazguljami
>fisherman’s spoon     139; GASK, 336]

turk. kepc,e < pers. kepc,e


>KOLIBA - a hut; a     KULBE (‘a hut’) - Persian
> shanty

turk. kulu"be (ottom. spelling qul(U)be < greek KALYBH (hut)
                                        > pers. kulbe 
                                        sami

if it was from literary persian it would have been ku"lbe
in turkish, and thus no spelling with q.

>KOPUK - a stupid      KAPUK (‘to repeat as echo,   Jazguljami
> man, a fool          to follow blindly somebody
>                      else’) [DE, 123]


turk. kopuk (detached, disjointed) also metaphorically as in bulg.

>KOPCHE - a button     KUBI (‘a button’) [AG, 348]  Mundzhani

turk. kopc,a "hook and eye" < hung ?



>KOFTI - bad, badly    KUOFT (‘ill’) [IJa, 210]     Ishkashimi
>(jargon)
>                      GOF (‘fear’, noun) [GRS,
>                      312]                         Talish

kofti (slang) "lie, trick" < greek  
kof (rotten or empty inside) <  greek koufos (empty)

>KOCH - a ram          KOC (‘to copulate’) [IJa,    Ishkashimi
>                      209]

>                      From this stem is probably
>                      also the Bulgarian word
>                      KOCKAR (‘a rip, a rake’)


turk. koc, < turkic

turkic, qoc, , qoc,(u)*ng*ar "ram"

turk. (dial.) koc,kar "a strong ram for fighting" < turkic

also old bulgarian.


>KbKRJA - to          KAKRA [IJa, 228]             Ishkashimi
> simmer, to burble

turk. ku"kre= to roar.

>KbS                   short - short  (for objects)
                                         
turk. kIsa


>LAF - a word; a talk    LAW (the same) [DE, 147;   Jazguljami
>                         etc.]

turk. laf (palatal l) < persian la:f

>LAFJA - to talk, to     See LAF
>chat

>LEVENT -                LAWENT (‘a brave man’)     Jazguljami
>well-built/strapping    [DE, 146]
>young man

turk. levent, levend (well-built man < sailor < irregular soldier)
< perisan levend ("jobless"); in the meaning of "sailor" confused
with italian "levantino"

>LESH - a carrion        LESH (‘a migration; a      Pashto
>                         death’) [ARS, 464]

>                         Thus the initial meaning
>                         of LESH must have been
>                         ‘somebody who left this
>                         world, a deceased’)


turk. le$ < pers. la:$e

>LILJAK - a stork (in    LEJLJAK (‘a stork’) [SH,   Eastern
> the district of         41]. Also LEGLEG           Caucasian
> Shumen, in Dobrudzha)

turk. leylek < perisan leklek, `ar. laqlaq

>LUNGUR - unfit horse.   LUNG (‘lame, limping’)     Sarikoli
> In the expression       [SRS, 95]
> "Koncheto ti e
> lungur, ne iska da v
> brvi."

turk. "langIr lungur" (clumsy) NB pers. leng "lame"

>MADZHUN - a            From the Pamirian/Persian    Pamirian
> treacle, molasses     MAZH (‘a honey’) + the
>                       Pamirian suffix -UN.

>                       MARZON, MAZON (‘sweet’,      Chechen
>                       adj.) [ChRS, 288]

turk. macun "paste" < `ar. ma`cu:n "paste"


>MASSA - a table       MAC (‘a broad wooden         Lezgin
>                       board’) [LRS, 232]

romanian masa~ < latin me:nsa NB sp. mesa
               > turk. masa

>MEGDAN - a square     Identical to the             Pashto
>                       Persian/Pamirian MAJDAN
>                       [ARS, 493]

turk. meydan < `ar mayda:n 

>MERA - a common       MERA (‘a field, a pasture’)  Pashto
> pasture/land          [MGA, 821]


turk. mer'a < `ar. mar`a(t)


>MEKHANA - a tavern    From the Persian MEI-HANA
>                       (‘drinking place’) [PRS,
>                       II]

turk. meyhane (ott. spell. meyxa^ne) < perisan mey xa:ne

>MESHINA - a           MESH (‘a sheep’), MESHIN     Pashto
>sheepskin             (‘sheep’, adj.) [RPDS, 402;
>                       ARS, 418]

turk. me$in < persian me$i:n

>MIGAR? - Really?      Identical to MEGAR [ChRS,    Chechen
> Indeed?               295] and

>                       MEGEM [TRS, 304]             Talish

turk. meger (same usage) < persian...


>MJUEDZHE - a reward   Identical to the Wakhi       Wakhi
> for a good news.      MEZDA [GASK, 394]
> (In folk tales)


turk. mu"jde (good news! congratulations!) < pers. mujde



>NANEGbRNE                  a peppermint

turk. na^ne < `ar. na`na`


>PAJVANT - hobbled, with       From the              Pamirian
> tied legs. In the            Pamirian/Persian PAJ
> expression "konjat pase na   (‘a leg) + VAND (‘a
> pajvant".                    tie’).
>                                                    Pashto
>                              PAJWEND (‘a tie’)
>                              [ARS, 132]

turk. (litt. ottoman) paybende < persian pa:y bende

>PALAMARKA - a swaphook        PAJLA (‘a glove’)     Sarikoli
>                              [SRS, 128]

turk. palamar "hawser, mooring rope" < biz. greek palamarin "cable"
                               also ital. palamara "cable".
                               see tietze.
                               
>PALASKA - a                   PALASTA (‘a girdling  Mundzhani
> cartridge-pouch              object, a bracelet’)
>                              [AG, 139]

turk. palaska < hungarian palack (palatsk, bottle, vessel), palacka
                 < germanic or latin "flask" etc. ?


>PARAKENDE - an                Pamirian/Persian      Pamirian
> agricultural piece of        PARKANDA (‘isolated,
> lands, detached from the     detached’) [AG, 339]
> other plots

turk. perakende "retail, detached" < pers. pera:kende "detached"

>PASTA - a cake                Many languages in      Pashto
>                              the world have
>                              similar words (the
>                              French ‘pastille’ -
>                              a type of bonbons;
>                              the Italian ‘pasta’
>                              - macaroni; etc),
>                              but only the meaning
>                              of the Pashto PASTA
>                              (‘a cake’) is
>                              identical to the
>                              Bulgarian one.

>                              Compare also to
>                              PASTUR (‘a fine
>                              flour for cakes’)
>                              [ARS, 92]


turk. pasta "cake" < italian etc.

>PELERINA - a cape, a          PELJAR (‘a curtain’)  Pashto
> cloak                        [ARS, 131] + the
>                              suffix -IN, as in
>                              ESTROGIN, KHLOBRIN.
>                              In the Pamirian l-s
>                              with -IN are formed
>                              adjectives from
>                              nouns. Thus PELERINA
>                              meant literally ‘a
>                              curtain clothing’.


french pelerine < fem. of pelerin ("pilgim" i.e, pilgrim's cape)
                > turk. pelerin (regarded as a foreign word)

>PELTE - a type of jelly       Compare to the        Pamirian
>                              Pamirian PILTE
>                              (‘sweet crusts’)

turk. pelte < pers. pa:lu:de < greek poltos
            > mod. greek pelte

>PENDZHER                      a window

turk. pencere < pers. pencer ("grill")

>PERUSHAN - in the             DARD (‘a pain’) +     Ishkashimi
> expression DAR-PERUSHAN      PERISHAN (‘a
>                              suffering, grief’)
>                              [IJa, 194]

>                              The Bulgarian
>                              DAR-PERUSHAN was
>                              probably derived
>                              from an earlier
>                              DARD-PERISHAN =
>                              "pain and
>                              suffering".

turk. derd < pers. derd 
turk. peri$an < pers. peri:$a:n

>PERCHEM - a forelock          PER (‘frontal’) +     Pashto
>                              CHEM (‘a curl of
>                              hair’) [ARS, 101]

>                              The Bulgarian
>                              PERCHEM simply meant
>                              ‘frontal hair’.

turk. perc,em < pers. perc,em

>PESTIL - damson cheese        PASHT (‘to press, to  Ishkashimi
>                              squeeze’) [IJa, 189]

turk. pestil < lat. 

>PESHKIR - a towel             Probably from PISHK   Pashto
>                              (‘a gift’), with the
>                              meaning of ‘a gift
>                              towel’ [ARS, 130]

turk. pe$kir "napkin", towel" (litt. ott., but common in the palace
jargon)
 < pers. pi:$gi:r (pi:$ front) 

 > pers. pe$ki:r (a back loan) "napkin"

>PIRINCH                       a bronze

turk. pirinc, < pers. piring "brass"


>PITA - (round) loaf, flat     PIT (‘flattened       Pashto
> cake                         (out)’) [MGA, 198],
>                              PITIK (‘ a type of
>                              bread’)

 greek pitta (phtta) < ital. ? < class. greek ?
                     > turk. pide

>PISHMAN - sorry, regretful    An old Persian and
>                              Pamirian word -
>                              PESH-MANAJ
>                              (‘thinking
>                              afterwards,
>                              regretting at the     Pashto
>                              end’) [SIJa, 1980;
>                              ARS, 111]

turkish pi$man < pers. pi$ma:n


>PRAZ - leeks                  PRASSA (‘leeks’) in
>                              Georgian [TG, 422]


turkish p(I)rasa < greek prason < lat. brassica (vegetable)
                 > pers. pera:se

>PRANGI - fetters, chains      PRANKH (‘bend’)       Pashto
>                              [ARS, 104]

turkish p(I)ranga "chains for galley slaves, (later) forced laborers
etc." 
                 < venet. branca
(see tietze)

>PUSHT - a scoundrel; a        PUSHT (‘an            Pashto
> rake                         offspring’) [ARS,
>                              110]

turkish pu$t (scoundrel, more specifically a catamite) 
                               < pers. pu$t "backside"


>RAZAKIJA - a sort             RAZ (‘grapes’, noun), RAZAKI  Talish
> of grapes. In the            (‘grape’, adj.) [TRS, 189]
> song "Vino pija -
> vino-razakija".
> ("I drink wine, a
> wine-RAZAKIJA.")

turk. razakI, razIqi^ < `ar. ra:zIqiyya(t) > pers razaqi^

>RAKLA - a chest;              Probably from RAK (‘a door’)  Lezgin
> a closet                     [LRS, 271]

turk. rahle "a low desk" < `ar. raHla(t)

>RACHEL - a                    RACHIN (‘pleasant, tasty’)    Talish
> treacle (golden              [TRS, 188]
> syrup)

turk. rec,el < pers. ric,a:r (a non literary loan)

>REZE - a latch, a             REZE (‘a latch’) [TRS, 189]   Talish
> bolt

turk. reze (hinge, thumb lock) < pers.  reze < `ar. razza(t)

>RENDE - a plane     A common Eastern Caucasian    Eastern
> (tool)              word from RAND (‘to plane’).  Caucasian
>                     The Talish language shows
>                     the greatest variety of
>                     meanings for this word.      Talish


turk. rende ("plane") < persian rende


>RESNA - a fringe;   RESSE (‘a row’) [TRS, 189]     Talish
> a tassel

turk. resen "cord, rope, halter" (litt.) < `ar. rasan

>RIGAN - marjoram,   Identical to the Pamirian      Wakhi
>basilica            REJKHAN [GASK, 443]

turk. reyhan < `ar. reyHa:n

>ROKAM - to count,    RbGbM (‘a                     Talish
> to calculate
>                     digit’) [TRS, 189]

turk. rakam (numeral) < `ar. raqam

>ROKAN - abacus      A derivative from ROKAM, see
>                     above.


>SAL, SADE - a       SAL (‘only’) [SRS, 151]        Sarikoli
> variants of SAMO
> (‘only; solely’)   SADE, SAL (‘only’) [SH, 113]   Eastern
>                                                   Caucasian

turk. salt (only)
turk. sade < perisan sa^de

>                      
>SINOR - (field)     SINOR (‘narrow’) [GASK, 459]   Wakhi
> boundary,
> boundary strip


turk. sInIr

>                                                         
>SOPA                a stick

turk. sopa


>TOPKA - a ball     TOP (‘a ball’) [GASK, 481]      Wakhi

turk. top

>TRAKHANA             Compare to the Pamirian TROXP   Ishkashimi
>                     (‘yoghurt’) [IJa, 241]

turk. tarhana (dried curds and flour, soup from it) 
                      < pers. terx(w)a:ne

>FARFALAK - a top,    FARFAR (‘to spin’) [GASK,     Wakhi
> a whipping-top (in   345]
> the district of
> Sofia, etc.)         FARFALAG (‘a top’) [LRS,      Lezgin
>                      333]

turk. ferferek (whirligig) < pers. ferfereg (probably based on
                            `ar. farfara (to flutter)

>FARFARA -             Obviously derived from
> feather-brain        FARFAR (‘to spin’).

turk. farfara (fickle, braggart) < `ar. farfara(t) (to flutter,
                            normally rendered in turkish ferfere)

>FISTAN - a           Similar to the Persian        Ishkashimi
> sleeveless dress     FISTAN (‘a woman’s dickey, a
>                      plastron’) and the Pamirian
>                      PESTbN (the same)
>                      [IJa, 225]

turk. fistan "women's dress"  (generally cotton)

romance fustaneum "cotton dress" > ital. fustagno (> `ar fusta:n, 
women's dress) > turk. fistan < persian fista:n
also a meditarranean naval term, "a fabric for covering"

(tietze)



>KHAPKA - a           See KHAPJA below.
> mouthful, a bite

>KHAPCHE - a pill     See KHAPJA below.

turk. hap < `ar. Habba(t) "a grain" {turko-pers. -c,e dimunitive}


>KHARCHA - to         A commonly found Pamirian -   Pamirian
> spend (money,       KHARCH, KHARC, and Eastern
> etc.)               Caucasian - KHARZH word       Eastern
>                     [ChRS, 443].                  Caucasian

turk. harca= < `ar. xarc (expenditure, from "to go out")

>KHORO                  a dance
>         

greek xoro,  > turk. hora (xora)


>CJAR - a cure       CAR (‘a cure’) - Pamirian       Pamirian

>                    CHARA (‘a cure’) - Eastern      Eastern
>                    Caucasian                       Caucasian

turk. c,a^re < pers. c,a:re

>CHANTA - a bag      CHAMTA (‘a suitcase’) [ChRS]    Chechen,
>                                                    Lezgin
>                    CHANTA (‘a leather bag’) [LRS,
>                    366-367]

>                    CHAMTA (‘a leather bag’) [TRS,  Talish
>                    244]

>                    Close also to the Persian
>                    CHAMDAN (‘a suitcase’), from
>                    which is the Russian CHEMODAN
>                    (‘a suitcase’)


turk. c,anta < pers. 

>CHAPA - a small     CHAPb (‘a harrow’) -      Talish
> hoe
>                    Talish
>                                                    Jazguljami
>                    CHAG (‘a cutting tool’) [DE,
>                    137]


turk. c,apa "hoe" also "anchor" < It. zappa "hoe, later palm of an
anchor"


(tietze)

>CHEVERME - a        CHWERK (‘a general name for     Wakhi
> barbecue           the lambs and the kids’)
>                    [GASK, 325]

turk. c,evirme ("to turn",thus whole meat on the spit, as opposed 
                to do"ner, similar but refering to packed meat)


>CHISHKAM - to       CHISH (‘urine’) [IJa, 191]      Ishkashimi
> urinate  

turk. c,i$ (< old oghuz) "urine" (informal)

>CHOP - a lot        CHUB (‘a pin, a peg’) -         Pamirian
>                    Pamirian.

>                    Thus CHOP was named after the
>                    common way of tossing - by
>                    drawing a pin.

>                    Compare also to the Persian
>                    CHUBE (‘a stick’)


turk. c,o"p (anat. "small stick")


>CHOMAGA             a stick

turk. c,omak


>SHIRA - a must,     SIRA (‘grapes’ juice’) [IJa,   Ishkashimi
> grapes’ juice       236]

turk. $Ira < pers. $i:re

>SHUBE -              SHUBKHE (‘a doubt, a           Talish
> uneasiness          suspicion’) [TRS, 263]

turk. $u"phe ("doubt"), $u"bhe  < `ar. $ubha(t)

>AKHbR - a           Identical to the Persian AKHAR    Pamirian
> stable             [SIJa, 58] and the Pamirian
>                    AKHOR

turk. ahIr (axIr) < pers. a:xu:r